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SpecialIssueArticle JournalofIntelligentMaterialSystems andStructures 2017,Vol.28(3)408Œ420 TheAuthor(s)2016 Reprintsandpermissions: sagepub.co.uk/journalsPermissions.nav DOI:10.1177/1045389X16657420 journals.sagepub.com/home/jim Multilayerpiezoelectretfoamstackfor vibrationenergyharvesting ChaseARayandStevenRAnton Abstract Electronicdevicesarehigh-demandcommoditiesintoday™sworld,andsuchdeviceswillcontinueincreasinginpopularity. Currently,batteriesareimplementedtoprovidepowertothesedevices;however,theneedforbatteryreplacement, theircost,andthewasteassociatedwithbatterydisposalpresentaneedforadvancesinself-poweredtechnology. Energyharvestingtechnologyhasgreatpotentialtoalleviatethedrawbacksofbatteries.Inthiswork,anovelpiezoelec- tretfoammaterialisinvestigatedforlow-levelvibrationenergyharvesting.Specifically,piezoelectretfoamassembledina multilayerstackconfigurationisexplored.Modelingandexperimentationofthestackwhenexcitedincompressionat lowfrequenciesareperformedtoinvestigatepiezoelectretfoamformultilayerenergyharvesting.Anequivalentcircuit modelderivedfromtheliteratureisusedtomodelthepiezoelectretstack.Two20-layerprototypedevicesandone40- layerprototypedevicearefabricatedandexperimentallytestedviaharmonicbaseexcitation.Electromechanicalfre- quencyresponsefunctionsbetweeninputaccelerationandoutputvoltagearemeasuredexperimentally.Modelingresults arecomparedtoexperimentalmeasurementstoassessthefidelityofthemodelnearresonance.Finally,energyharvest- ingexperimentationinwhichthedeviceissubjecttoharmonicbaseexcitationatthefundamentalnaturalfrequencyis conductedtodeterminetheabilityofthestacktosuccessfullychargeacapacitor.Fora20-layerstackexcitedat0.5 g,a100- mFcapacitorischargedto1.45Vin15min,andproducesapeakpowerof0.45 mW.A40-layerstackisfoundto chargea100- mFcapacitorto1.7Vin15minwhenexcitedat0.5 g,andproduceapeakpowerof0.89 mW.Keywords piezoelectret,multilayerstack,energyharvesting,electromechanicalmodeling Introduction Overthepastfewdecades,onecanreadilyobservethat electronicsaredecreasingnotonlyinsize,butalsoin powerconsumption.Theworldisnowfullofsmallelec- tronicdevices,allofwhichrequirepowerinonewayor another;beitfromthepowergrid,frombatteries,or fromothersources.Manylow-powersensorsoperatein themWmWpowerrange(Chao,2011).Undoubtedly, thetrendinreductionofpowerconsumptionisopening moreopportunitiesforalternativeenergysourcesfor suchlow-powerdevices.Currently,batteriesarethe mostwidelyusedpowersourcefortworeasons:port- abilityandpowerdensity.However,themaindisadvan- tageofbatteriesistheneedforperiodicreplacement.If sensorsareplacedinremoteorinaccessiblelocations andthebatteryisdepleted,thenitcanbecostly,dan- gerous,orimpossibletoreplaceorrecharge.Thisissue canbesolvedbyreplacingthebatterywithanenergy harvesterthatscavengesenergyfromthelocalenviron- ment.Thetopicofenergyharvestinghasgainedinterest inthepastdecadewiththeadaptationofbattery poweredelectronicdevices.Evidenceoftherisein popularityofenergyharvestingcanbefoundinthe increasingnumberofpublications,prototypes,and modelsintheliterature(AntonandSodano,2007; Bogue,2009;Cook-Chennaultetal.,2008;Erturkand Inman,2011;PriyaandInman,2009;Ramadanetal., 2014). Oneofthemosthighlyresearchedenergyharvesting mechanismsispiezoelectrictransduction.Piezoelectric ceramicharvestershavebeenusedinmanycasesand havebeenshowntoprovidesufficientpowerinmany applications.Anadvantageofusingpiezoelectriccera- micsistheirhighpoweroutputcomparedtoother DynamicandSmartSystemsLaboratory,DepartmentofMechanical Engineering,TennesseeTechnologicalUniversity,Cookeville,TN,USA Correspondingauthor: StevenRAnton,DynamicandSmartSystemsLaboratory,Departmentof MechanicalEngineering,TennesseeTechnologicalUniversity,Cookeville, TN38505-0001,USA. Email:santon@tntech.edu
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